Shockwave therapy for achilles tendonitis
Suffering from Achilles Tendonitis can range from a dull ache to extreme pain in the back of the leg or above the heel after exercise. More severe pain may occur after prolonged periods of exercise such as running.
Achilles tendonitis is a common overuse injury, occurring in runners who have increased the duration or intensity of their run. Most cases can be treated with simple home remedies that can also help prevent the recurrence of this condition. However, for the more severe cases, shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinitis is a common form of therapy. Amongst the other forms of therapy using shockwave therapy, this is the most common form that we treat in the clinic.
This article will help you understand Shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinitis so you make the right choice to relieve your pain quickly.
What is the Achilles tendon?
The Achilles tendon is the meeting of the two tendons arising from the muscles in the posterior aspect of the lower leg’s posterior compartment. Muscles, gastrocnemius and soleus arise from the posterior surface of the tibia, and blend together to form the thick tendon. The achilles tendon inserts onto the back of the calcaneus just distal to the posterior-superior calcaneal tuberosity.
The achilles tendon is made up of synovial cells (paratendon), smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and fibrochondrocytes. The largest component of the structure of the achilles tendon is the extracellular matrix which is comprised of tenoblasts and tenocytes, which lie between the collagen fibres all the way along the axis of the tendon. Type 1 collagen and elastin make up the non-extracellular component of the tendon.
As the tendon descends to its attachment point on the calcaneus, there is a rotation of the tendon which allows fibres on the medial side to reside posteriorly, as well as fibres on the posterior to move more laterally (around 90 degrees spiralling occurs).
The main blood supply to the achilles tendon enters the tendon via the thin, single layer of cells which make up the paratendon. Unlike other tendons, the achilles tendon is not encased in a tendon sheath. Instead, this highly vascularised tissue delivers the majority of the blood supply, with the rest arising from the calcaneo-tendinous and musculo-tendinous.
The main nerve supply of the tendon comes from three main branches located in the vicinity of the tendon. There are cutaneous, muscular and pertendinous nerve fibres which mostly terminate on the outer layers of the tendon. Nerves are a mixture of mechanoreceptive nerves, autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and un-myelinated nerve endings (conveying sensations of pain).
The achilles tendon functions in a similar way to most other tendons, in that it effectively acts to transmit force from the muscle to the bone. The achilles tendon also acts to absorb ground reaction forces which aid to limit damage to the muscular segment of this tripartite complex.
Largely the tendons are able to withstand forces which cause deformation of the elastic fibres up to about 4% - beyond 8% there is enough stretch to cause trauma to the tendon fascicles. The amount of load a tendon is able to withstand is proportional to the thickness of the tendon. A normal running gait will meant the achilles tendon is loaded by up to 12 times one’s body weight.
What is Achilles tendinopathy, tendonitis and tendinitis?
The terms tendinosis, tendinopathy, tendinitis and tendonitis are often confused, which makes it difficult when trying to research the terms. The term tendinopathy is generally accepted to be an overall summary of the pathology at play, encompassing tendonitis, tendinitis and tendinosis. Largely a more specific description can be applied after histopathological examination; this should highlight the degree of degeneration (tendinosis) or inflammation (tendinopathy) which is resulting in the patient’s heel pain. The paratendon can also be a source of degenerative or inflammatory changes.
In recent years the occurrence of Achilles tendinopathy has risen - largely due to the increased incidence of people taking part in recreational activities and competitive sports. Although common in other sports (such as football, athletics and racquet sports), Achilles tendinopathy is roughly 10 times more likely in runners vs age-matched controls. The condition may also affect people who do not take part in intense sporting activity, so the sedentary population are also at risk.
Clinically the willing patient tends to experience pain in the achilles tendon, often at the beginning or end of the training session. A nodule may often be present and may signify an element of degeneration according to some clinicians. Confirmation of achilles tendinopathy can be largely clinical but often radiological investigation is needed to quantify the level of deterioration of the achilles tendon.
What other treatments are available for Achilles tendinopathy?
Largely in the early phases, achilles tendinopathy can be managed conservatively by looking at various factors - both intrinsic and extrinsic - which affect the tendon. The majority of conservative measures focus on foot mal-alignments (podiatry may be of some benefit for achilles tendinopathy) and muscles Imbalances (physiotherapy for achilles tendinopathy).
Modifying activities of daily living can make a significant difference in the early management of achilles tendinopathy. Reducing activities that are known to aggravate symptoms may be all that is needed in the early stages of the condition. However, complete rest of an injured tendon can be detrimental due to the activation of tenocytes which lead to the release of matrix metallo proteinase (MMP) causing further degradation and permeability of the paratendon to permeate blood vessels. Cold therapy has a benefit in the early stages as it slows down the inflammatory reaction in the tendon as well as having an analgesic effect on the afferent nerve fibres/receptors/endings. Ultrasound can be used in the acute phase to help reduce swelling and improve healing. The laser has also been shown to be beneficial for the management of acute and chronic tendinopathy. Deep frictions massage can be used in more chronic cases to help increase blood flow and reorganisation of collagen fibres, accompanied with stretching.
Commonly eccentric muscle training is used to reduce pain in chronic achilles tendinopathy, as well as increase the tensile strength of the musculo-tendinous complex. Heel lifts are commonly used for the off-loading of the achilles tendon during acute phases. Several studies have looked at the role of drugs and injection therapy and concluded there is little evidence for the use of pertendinous and intratendinous corticosteroid injection therapy. Surgery is an option for more severe cases but the long-term complications and outcome measures are still in question. Shockwave therapy provides an alternative to surgery and, in most cases of tendinopathy, will result in a satisfactory outcome.
How can Orthotics help with Achilles Tendinopathy?
How is shockwave therapy applied to the area?
Shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinopathy is applied following a set protocol. The clinician will carry out a thorough case history taking which isolates the area that is painful and begins to understand the clinical history behind the condition. It is important to make sure that the condition being treated is actually an Achilles tendinopathy and, as such, is treatable with shockwave therapy.
Largely the study of exactly what happens during shockwave therapy is the topic of many research projects. Some proposed mechanisms so far that has good evidence include;
Direct stimulation of healing (increased TGF-b1, IGF-1, increased GAG?s)
Neo-vascularisation
Direct suppression effects on nociceptors
Hyper-stimulation (blocking the gait control mechanism)
Increased NO expression
Increase PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), collagen type 1 and collagen type 3
During the examination period a tender point where the pain is maximal will be located, upon which a water
A based medium will be applied.? This aids the transmission of the impulses into the desired area.
The probe will then be placed over the desired area and then treatment for your Achilles tendinopathy will begin. At first, the clinician will ensure the discomfort is kept to a minimum. After a while, as the impulses increase, little pain is experienced.
However, more often than not, there is some pain felt over the area of application. After treatment, you should feel very little pain and this may last for a few days. After then an aching sensation can occur. After subsequent treatments, there will be a definite improvement in symptoms leading to reduction in the original pain felt.
How long will shockwave therapy take to work?
Generally, most applications of Shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinitis, and most conditions will resolve within 3-4 sessions of approximately 30 minutes of treatment. Naturally, this can depend on the exact presentation of the condition. Making sure you see someone quickly to have the condition diagnosed can reduce the number of sessions needed.
It is vital that you continue to work with a physical therapist to maintain the exercise regime you should already be carrying out for Achilles tendinopathy, prior to consulting for shockwave treatment. This will involve balancing exercises, strength exercises and a good eccentric loading programme depending on your stage of Achilles tendinopathy.
What is the evidence for shockwave therapy and achilles tendon pain/achilles tendinopathy?
There is growing evidence for the use of shockwave therapy in the management of achilles tendinopathy. Largely the area of non-operative management of achilles tendinopathy has been poorly studied. One area that is of increasing interest is the use of shockwave therapy for the conservative management of achilles tendinopathy.
A recent paper has highlighted the previously gold standard eccentric loading programmes having inferior results to Shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinitis at 4 months follow up. It is very promising that there are alternatives available which are proving better than what we have been prescribing previously (Rompe 2008).
Where can I get Shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinitis?
You are able to get shockwave therapy at a few specialist clinics in the UK. There are a growing number of clinics providing this specialist form of treatment. It is beneficial to make certain the type of machine they use is a swiss dolor clast machine as this is the only one that has been tested to a high level in research papers.
At Perfect Balance Clinic, we often see people with different types of tendinopathy who have tried other forms of treatment. For us, Shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinitis has been the one form of treatment that has consistently delivered results for Achilles Tendinopathy. We are pleased that we have such good success with this and have delivered hundreds of cases now we are one of the most experienced in the UK at delivering this form of therapy and we are proud of our results.
How long will shockwave treatments last for?
If everything goes to plan with your shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinopathy then the treatment should make a significant contribution to reducing the pain and improving the function of your Achilles tendinopathy. In most cases, the shockwave will get rid of the patellar tendinitis.
With some tendon surgery, there is a 75% success rate at 18 months, with shockwave for the same condition it has been shown that up to 80% of patients who have received the shockwave therapy at 18 months have a good to excellent result. Shockwave is better than surgery for certain tendinopathy and more research is being done with this in mind.
Conclusions
Shockwave therapy for Achilles tendinitis has proven to be better than surgery and better than the current non-operative measures used for management of resistant achilles tendinopathy.